USEFUL LINUX FDISK COMMAND WITH EXAMPLES – A LINUX DISK PARTITION TOOL
USEFUL LINUX FDISK COMMAND WITH EXAMPLES – A LINUX DISK PARTITION TOOL
Introduction
In this section we are going to learn How to use Linux Fdisk command. Linux fdisk command is also known as Fixed Disk is a very powerful command is used for disk partition. fdisk was first introduced by IBM on year 1983. Let’s have a look at some very useful and important Linux fdisk command with examples.
Linux fdisk command with examples :
To check manual or help page of linux fdisk command tool use fdisk command with argument -h.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -h # Checking help page of fdisk
Usage:
fdisk [options] change partition table
fdisk [options] -l list partition table(s)
fdisk -s give partition size(s) in blocks
Options:
-b sector size (512, 1024, 2048 or 4096)
-c switch off DOS-compatible mode
-h print help
-u give sizes in sectors instead of cylinders
-v print version
-C specify the number of cylinders
-H specify the number of heads
-S specify the number of sectors per track
To check Version of installed fdisk command package version we can use fdisk command with argument -v.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -v # Checking fdisk package Verison
fdisk (util-linux-ng 2.17.2)
fdisk command with option -s will return you the size of the partition in Blocks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -s /dev/sda1 # Check the Partition Size in Blocks
307200
To list the disk partition table use the fdisk command with argument -l. By running this command you will able to get below Disk Informations :
- Disk Cylinder Details
- Sector & Track details
- Type of Partition (eg: Swap Partition, LVM Partition, RAID Partition…etc.)
- Block Details
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l # List Partition Table
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00088ea1
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 39 2350 18566144 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 2350 2611 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
To List details of a Particular Partition using fdisk command refer the below command.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda1 # Checking Details of a Particular Partition
Disk /dev/sda1: 314 MB, 314572800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Also Read :
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As we know that fdisk command is used for disk partition. We have to look at so many most useful commands that we have during disk partition creation. So here I am creating a partition.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb # To create a Partition Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x720b712d. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): # Here we have so many options to Learn for that enter "m" for Help
So refer the below command where I listed the Partition creation options (Highlighted in Yellow color).
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x720b712d.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m # Enter "m" for Options
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Now let’s create a Partition so that we can learn and understand all above disk partition options.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa83d36ba.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n ---> Enter "n" to create a New Partition
# Here we have two options i.e. Primary and Extended, So enter "p" if you want to create a Primary Partition & enter "e"
if you want to create extended partition.
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p ----> Here I am creating Primary Partition
Partition number (1-4): 1 # Enter Number for Primary Partition. We can create only 4 Primary Partition/Disk
First cylinder (1-391, default 1): # Press ENTER to allow the system to take cylinder automatically
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-391, default 391): +2G # Enter Space for the Partition
Command (m for help): w # Enter "w" to Save the Partition Table
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
After creating the Partition format the partition using below command.
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 # Formatting the Partition mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131648 inodes, 526120 blocks 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 17 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7744 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. # Now create a Directory and Mount the Partition [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /data [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data/ # Mounting the Partition [root@localhost ~]# df -h /dev/sdb1 # Confirming the Mounted Device Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb1 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /data
Option “p” allows us to Print the Partition Table.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p # Enter the "p" to print the Partition Table
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xa83d36ba
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
Option “t” allows us to Change the partition ID. For example if you want configure LVM or Software RAID then for that first you have to change the partition ID like Partition ID for LVM is 8e and Partition ID for RAID is fd. To list more Partition ID’s for different need’s press “L”.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): t # To change the Partition ID
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): L # To List the available Partition ID's
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16
Option “q” is for quit the Partition creation without saving anything.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): q ---> To quit the Partition Creation
Option “d” is to delete the Partition.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): d # Enter "d" to delete the Partition
Selected partition 1
Command (m for help): w # Enter "w" to Save the Partition Table
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
Option “a” is for enable or disable bootable flag in partition. You have to enable bootflag for a partition if you have installed the GRUB in root Partition instead of MBR. Otherwise the system will not boot. But if you installed the GRUB on MBR then there is no need of Bootflag.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): a # To enable or disable Bootable Flag on Partition
Partition number (1-4): 1
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
# After Enable the Bootflag on Partition you will notice a * on the Partition (Highlighted in Red Color).
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xa83d36ba
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
For more advance options like change the Cylinder number, change the number of head, fix partition order..etc…you can use the option “x”. This option is for Experts. All options are listed below.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): x # For advance disk related Operations Expert command (m for help): m # Enter "m" to List Advance disk Options Command action b move beginning of data in a partition c change number of cylinders d print the raw data in the partition table e list extended partitions f fix partition order g create an IRIX (SGI) partition table h change number of heads i change the disk identifier m print this menu p print the partition table q quit without saving changes r return to main menu s change number of sectors/track v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit
To Print the size of the partition in Sectors instead of Cylinder we can use fdisk command with option -u.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -u -l /dev/sda1 # To print the Partition ID in Sectors instead of Cylinder
Disk /dev/sda1: 314 MB, 314572800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38 cylinders, total 614400 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
For more fdisk command related commands and options you can use below command.
[root@localhost ~]# man fdisk # For more fdisk command related options
We tried to include as possible linux fdisk command, If you something missed out then please comment on comment box below, So that we can include that in the article.
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